This chart presents a detailed overview of the phonemes used in Hindi (India) – hi-IN, using both IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) and X-SAMPA notation. Each entry includes the phoneme symbol, a representative example word in Hindi, and its full transcription in both systems.
The Hindi sound system includes a rich variety of stops, aspirated consonants, retroflexes, nasals, and a distinct set of vowel qualities and nasalizations. This chart captures voiced and voiceless sounds, aspirated and unaspirated pairs, and common features such as nasalized vowels and retroflex consonants. It is intended for students, linguists, educators, and language technology practitioners interested in Hindi phonology. A reference table for stress symbols and syllable boundaries is also provided at the end.
Hindi (India) – hi-IN
| X-SAMPA | IPA | Example Word | X-SAMPA Transcription | IPA Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | p | पंजाब | p@n"dZa:b | pənˈdʒaːb |
| b | b | बादल | "ba:d_d@l | ˈbaːd̪əl |
| b_h | bʰ | भारत | "b_ha:r@t_d | ˈbʰaːrət̪ |
| t_d | t̪ | तबला | "t_d@bla: | ˈt̪əblaː |
| t_d_h | t̪ʰ | थाली | "t_d_ha:lI: | ˈt̪ʰaːlɪː |
| t` | ʈ | टमाटर | t@"ma:t@r | ʈəˈmaːʈər |
| t`_h | ʈʰ | अठारह | @"t`_ha:r@h | əˈʈʰaːrəh |
| d_d | d̪ | दाल | "d_da:l | ˈd̪aːl |
| d_d_h | d̪ʰ | धूम | "d_d_hu:m | ˈd̪ʰuːm |
| d` | ɖ | डमरू | "d`@mru: | ˈɖəmruː |
| d`_h | ɖʰ | ढोलक | "d`_ho:l@k | ˈɖʰoːlək |
| k | k | किताब | kI"t_da:b | kɪˈt̪aːb |
| k_h | kʰ | खान | "k_ha:n | ˈkʰaːn |
| g | g | गाय | "ga:e: | ˈgaːeː |
| g_h | gʰ | घर | "g_h@r | ˈgʰər |
| f | f | फल | "f@l | ˈfəl |
| v\ | ʋ | व्रत | "v\r@t_d | ˈʋrət̪ |
| s | s | किस्मत | "kIsm@t_d | ˈkɪsmət̪ |
| z | z | ज़हर | "zE:hE:r | ˈzɛːhɛːr |
| l | l | लड़कियां | "l@r`kIja:~ | ˈləɽkɪjãː |
| r | ɹ | रोक | "ro:k | ˈroːk |
| r` | ɽ | कूड़ा | "ku:r`a: | ˈkuːɽaː |
| tS | ʧ | चाय | "tSa:e: | ˈʧaːeː |
| tS_h | ʧʰ | छांव | "tS_ha:~o: | ˈʧʰãːoː |
| dZ | ʤ | जंगल | "dZ@ng@l | ˈdʒəngəl |
| dZ_h | ʤʰ | मुझ | "mUdZ_h | ˈmʊdʒʰ |
| S | ʃ | ख़ुश / भाषा | "k_hUS / "b_ha:Sa: | ˈkʰʊʃ / ˈbʰaːʃaː |
| j | j | योग | "jo:g | ˈjoːg |
| n | n | नमक | "n@m@k | ˈnəmək |
| m | m | मंत्र | "m@nt_dr@ | ˈmənt̪rə |
| n` | ɳ | नारायण | na:"ra:j@n` | naːˈraːjəɳ |
| N | ŋ | लंका | "l@nka: | ˈlənkaː |
| h | h | होना | "ho:na: | ˈhoːnaː |
| a: | aː | बात | "ba:t_d | ˈbaːt̪ |
| a:~ | ãː | लड़कियां | "l@r`kIja:~ | ˈləɽkɪjãː |
| @ | ə | अलग | "@l@g | ˈələg |
| @~ | ə̃ | हंसना | "h@~sna: | ˈhə̃snaː |
| E: | ɛː | फैलाव | "fE:la:v\ | ˈfɛːlaːʋ |
| e: | eː | केला | "ke:la: | ˈkeːlaː |
| e:~ | ẽː | किताबें | kI"t_da:be:~ | kɪˈt̪aːbẽː |
| E:~ | ɛ̃ː | मैं | "mE:~ | ˈmɛ̃ː |
| I | ɪ | इच्छा | "ItStS_ha: | ˈɪtʃtʃʰaː |
| I: | iː | खीर | "k_hI:r | ˈkʰɪːr |
| I:~ | ĩː | नहीं | "n@hI:~ | ˈnəhɪ̃ː |
| I~ | ɪ̃ | सिंचाई | sI~"tSa:I: | sɪ̃ˈtʃaːɪː |
| O: | ɔː | औरत | "O:r@t_d | ˈɔːrət̪ |
| O:~ | ɔ̃ː | भौं | "b_hO:~ | ˈbʰɔ̃ː |
| o: | oː | ओखली | "o:k_hlI: | ˈoːkʰlɪː |
| o:~ | õː | क्यों | "kjo:~ | ˈkjõː |
| U | ʊ | पुत्र | "pUt_dr | ˈpʊt̪r |
| U~ | ʊ̃ | मुंह | "mU~h | ˈmʊ̃h |
| u: | uː | कबूतर | k@"b u:t_d@r | kəˈbuːt̪ər |
| u:~ | ũː | ऊंट | "u:~t` | ˈũːʈ |
Stress Symbols
| Function | IPA | X-SAMPA |
|---|---|---|
| Primary stress | ˈ | " |
| Syllable boundary | . | . |